History[ edit ] Before the 20th century[ edit ] Shunga or pornographic wood-block pictures were printed with all imaginable situations. The actual uses of shunga in the period are still debated, but probably resembled modern uses of pornographic materials, including masturbation and shared viewing with a lover. After the Meiji Restoration in the second half of the 19th century, the publication of pornographic materials declined under government pressure. Open sexual expressions were permitted in novels and manga but a strict control was applied on photographs and films.